cmd/sb/internal/writer/writer.go - release.go.x.ref - Git at Google

 // Copyright 2015 The Vanadium Authors. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

 package writer

 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"unicode/utf8"

 	"v.io/v23/syncbase"
 	"v.io/v23/vdl"
 	vtime "v.io/v23/vdlroot/time"
 )

 type Justification int

 const (
 	Unknown Justification = iota
 	Left
 	Right
 )

 type FormattingWriter interface {
 	Write(columnNames []string, rs syncbase.ResultStream) error
 }

 type tableWriter struct {
 	w io.Writer
 }

 func NewTableWriter(w io.Writer) FormattingWriter {
 	return &tableWriter{w}
 }

 // Write formats the results as ASCII tables.
 func (t *tableWriter) Write(columnNames []string, rs syncbase.ResultStream) error {
 	// Buffer the results so we can compute the column widths.
 	columnWidths := make([]int, len(columnNames))
 	for i, cName := range columnNames {
 		columnWidths[i] = utf8.RuneCountInString(cName)
 	}
 	justification := make([]Justification, len(columnNames))
 	var results [][]string
 	for rs.Advance() {
 		row := make([]string, len(columnNames))
 		columnCount := rs.ResultCount()
 		for i := 0; i != columnCount; i++ {
 			var column *vdl.Value
 			if err := rs.Result(i, &column); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			if i >= len(columnNames) {
 				return errors.New("more columns in result than in columnNames")
 			}
 			if justification[i] == Unknown {
 				justification[i] = getJustification(column)
 			}
 			columnStr := toString(column, false)
 			row[i] = columnStr
 			columnLen := utf8.RuneCountInString(columnStr)
 			if columnLen > columnWidths[i] {
 				columnWidths[i] = columnLen
 			}
 		}
 		results = append(results, row)
 	}
 	if rs.Err() != nil {
 		return rs.Err()
 	}

 	writeBorder(t.w, columnWidths)
 	sep := "| "
 	for i, cName := range columnNames {
 		io.WriteString(t.w, fmt.Sprintf("%s%*s", sep, columnWidths[i], cName))
 		sep = " | "
 	}
 	io.WriteString(t.w, " |\n")
 	writeBorder(t.w, columnWidths)
 	for _, result := range results {
 		sep = "| "
 		for i, column := range result {
 			if justification[i] == Right {
 				io.WriteString(t.w, fmt.Sprintf("%s%*s", sep, columnWidths[i], column))
 			} else {
 				io.WriteString(t.w, fmt.Sprintf("%s%-*s", sep, columnWidths[i], column))
 			}
 			sep = " | "
 		}
 		io.WriteString(t.w, " |\n")
 	}
 	writeBorder(t.w, columnWidths)
 	return nil
 }

 func writeBorder(out io.Writer, columnWidths []int) {
 	sep := "+-"
 	for _, width := range columnWidths {
 		io.WriteString(out, fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", sep, strings.Repeat("-", width)))
 		sep = "-+-"
 	}
 	io.WriteString(out, "-+\n")
 }

 func getJustification(val *vdl.Value) Justification {
 	switch val.Kind() {
 	// TODO(kash): Floating point numbers should have the decimal point line up.
 	case vdl.Bool, vdl.Byte, vdl.Uint16, vdl.Uint32, vdl.Uint64, vdl.Int8,
 		vdl.Int16, vdl.Int32, vdl.Int64, vdl.Float32, vdl.Float64:
 		return Right
 	// TODO(kash): Leave nil values as unknown.
 	default:
 		return Left
 	}
 }

 type csvWriter struct {
 	w         io.Writer
 	delimiter string
 }

 func NewCSVWriter(w io.Writer, delimiter string) FormattingWriter {
 	return &csvWriter{w, delimiter}
 }

 // Write formats the results as CSV as specified by https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4180.
 func (c *csvWriter) Write(columnNames []string, rs syncbase.ResultStream) error {
 	delim := ""
 	for _, cName := range columnNames {
 		str := doubleQuoteForCSV(cName, c.delimiter)
 		io.WriteString(c.w, fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", delim, str))
 		delim = c.delimiter
 	}
 	io.WriteString(c.w, "\n")
 	for rs.Advance() {
 		delim := ""
 		for i, n := 0, rs.ResultCount(); i != n; i++ {
 			var column *vdl.Value
 			if err := rs.Result(i, &column); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			str := doubleQuoteForCSV(toString(column, false), c.delimiter)
 			io.WriteString(c.w, fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", delim, str))
 			delim = c.delimiter
 		}
 		io.WriteString(c.w, "\n")
 	}
 	return rs.Err()
 }

 // doubleQuoteForCSV follows the escaping rules from
 // https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4180. In particular, values containing
 // newlines, double quotes, and the delimiter must be enclosed in double
 // quotes.
 func doubleQuoteForCSV(str, delimiter string) string {
 	doubleQuote := strings.Index(str, delimiter) != -1 || strings.Index(str, "\n") != -1
 	if strings.Index(str, "\"") != -1 {
 		str = strings.Replace(str, "\"", "\"\"", -1)
 		doubleQuote = true
 	}
 	if doubleQuote {
 		str = "\"" + str + "\""
 	}
 	return str
 }

 type jsonWriter struct {
 	w io.Writer
 }

 func NewJSONWriter(w io.Writer) FormattingWriter {
 	return &jsonWriter{w}
 }

 // Write formats the result as a JSON array of arrays (rows) of values.
 func (j *jsonWriter) Write(columnNames []string, rs syncbase.ResultStream) error {
 	io.WriteString(j.w, "[")
 	jsonColNames := make([][]byte, len(columnNames))
 	for i, cName := range columnNames {
 		jsonCName, err := json.Marshal(cName)
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(fmt.Sprintf("JSON marshalling failed for column name: %v", err))
 		}
 		jsonColNames[i] = jsonCName
 	}
 	bOpen := "{"
 	for rs.Advance() {
 		io.WriteString(j.w, bOpen)
 		linestart := "\n  "
 		for i, n := 0, rs.ResultCount(); i != n; i++ {
 			var column *vdl.Value
 			if err := rs.Result(i, &column); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			str := toJson(column)
 			io.WriteString(j.w, fmt.Sprintf("%s%s: %s", linestart, jsonColNames[i], str))
 			linestart = ",\n  "
 		}
 		io.WriteString(j.w, "\n}")
 		bOpen = ", {"
 	}
 	io.WriteString(j.w, "]\n")
 	return rs.Err()
 }

 // Converts VDL value to readable yet parseable string representation.
 // If nested is not set, strings outside composites are left unquoted.
 // TODO(ivanpi): Handle cycles and improve non-tree DAG handling.
 func toString(val *vdl.Value, nested bool) string {
 	switch val.Type() {
 	case vdl.TypeOf(vtime.Time{}), vdl.TypeOf(vtime.Duration{}):
 		s, err := toStringNative(val)
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(fmt.Sprintf("toStringNative failed for builtin time type: %v", err))
 		}
 		if nested {
 			s = strconv.Quote(s)
 		}
 		return s
 	default:
 		// fall through to Kind switch
 	}
 	switch val.Kind() {
 	case vdl.Bool:
 		return fmt.Sprint(val.Bool())
 	case vdl.Byte, vdl.Uint16, vdl.Uint32, vdl.Uint64:
 		return fmt.Sprint(val.Uint())
 	case vdl.Int8, vdl.Int16, vdl.Int32, vdl.Int64:
 		return fmt.Sprint(val.Int())
 	case vdl.Float32, vdl.Float64:
 		return fmt.Sprint(val.Float())
 	case vdl.String:
 		s := val.RawString()
 		if nested {
 			s = strconv.Quote(s)
 		}
 		return s
 	case vdl.Enum:
 		return val.EnumLabel()
 	case vdl.Array, vdl.List:
 		return listToString("[", ", ", "]", val.Len(), func(i int) string {
 			return toString(val.Index(i), true)
 		})
 	case vdl.Any, vdl.Optional:
 		if val.IsNil() {
 			if nested {
 				return "nil"
 			}
 			// TODO(ivanpi): Blank is better for CSV, but <nil> might be better for table and TSV.
 			return ""
 		}
 		return toString(val.Elem(), nested)
 	case vdl.Struct:
 		return listToString("{", ", ", "}", val.Type().NumField(), func(i int) string {
 			field := toString(val.StructField(i), true)
 			return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", val.Type().Field(i).Name, field)
 		})
 	case vdl.Union:
 		ui, uv := val.UnionField()
 		field := toString(uv, true)
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", val.Type().Field(ui).Name, field)
 	case vdl.Set:
 		// TODO(ivanpi): vdl.SortValuesAsString() used for predictable output ordering.
 		// Use a more sensible sort for numbers etc.
 		keys := vdl.SortValuesAsString(val.Keys())
 		return listToString("{", ", ", "}", len(keys), func(i int) string {
 			return toString(keys[i], true)
 		})
 	case vdl.Map:
 		// TODO(ivanpi): vdl.SortValuesAsString() used for predictable output ordering.
 		// Use a more sensible sort for numbers etc.
 		keys := vdl.SortValuesAsString(val.Keys())
 		return listToString("{", ", ", "}", len(keys), func(i int) string {
 			k := toString(keys[i], true)
 			v := toString(val.MapIndex(keys[i]), true)
 			return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", k, v)
 		})
 	case vdl.TypeObject:
 		return val.String()
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown Kind %s", val.Kind()))
 	}
 }

 // Converts a VDL value to string using the corresponding native type String()
 // method.
 func toStringNative(val *vdl.Value) (string, error) {
 	var natVal interface{}
 	if err := vdl.Convert(&natVal, val); err != nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed converting %s to native value: %v", val.Type().String(), err)
 	}
 	if _, ok := natVal.(*vdl.Value); ok {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed converting %s to native value: got vdl.Value", val.Type().String())
 	}
 	if strNatVal, ok := natVal.(fmt.Stringer); !ok {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("native value of %s doesn't implement String()", val.Type().String())
 	} else {
 		return strNatVal.String(), nil
 	}
 }

 // Stringifies a sequence of n elements, where element i string representation
 // is obtained using elemToString(i),
 func listToString(begin, sep, end string, n int, elemToString func(i int) string) string {
 	elems := make([]string, n)
 	for i, _ := range elems {
 		elems[i] = elemToString(i)
 	}
 	return begin + strings.Join(elems, sep) + end
 }

 // Converts VDL value to JSON representation.
 func toJson(val *vdl.Value) string {
 	jf := toJsonFriendly(val)
 	jOut, err := json.Marshal(jf)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("JSON marshalling failed: %v", err))
 	}
 	return string(jOut)
 }

 // Converts VDL value to Go type compatible with json.Marshal().
 func toJsonFriendly(val *vdl.Value) interface{} {
 	switch val.Type() {
 	case vdl.TypeOf(vtime.Time{}), vdl.TypeOf(vtime.Duration{}):
 		s, err := toStringNative(val)
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(fmt.Sprintf("toStringNative failed for builtin time type: %v", err))
 		}
 		return s
 	default:
 		// fall through to Kind switch
 	}
 	switch val.Kind() {
 	case vdl.Bool:
 		return val.Bool()
 	case vdl.Byte, vdl.Uint16, vdl.Uint32, vdl.Uint64:
 		return val.Uint()
 	case vdl.Int8, vdl.Int16, vdl.Int32, vdl.Int64:
 		return val.Int()
 	case vdl.Float32, vdl.Float64:
 		return val.Float()
 	case vdl.String:
 		return val.RawString()
 	case vdl.Enum:
 		return val.EnumLabel()
 	case vdl.Array, vdl.List:
 		arr := make([]interface{}, val.Len())
 		for i, _ := range arr {
 			arr[i] = toJsonFriendly(val.Index(i))
 		}
 		return arr
 	case vdl.Any, vdl.Optional:
 		if val.IsNil() {
 			return nil
 		}
 		return toJsonFriendly(val.Elem())
 	case vdl.Struct:
 		// TODO(ivanpi): Consider lowercasing field names.
 		return toOrderedMap(val.Type().NumField(), func(i int) (string, interface{}) {
 			return val.Type().Field(i).Name, toJsonFriendly(val.StructField(i))
 		})
 	case vdl.Union:
 		// TODO(ivanpi): Consider lowercasing field name.
 		ui, uv := val.UnionField()
 		return toOrderedMap(1, func(_ int) (string, interface{}) {
 			return val.Type().Field(ui).Name, toJsonFriendly(uv)
 		})
 	case vdl.Set:
 		// TODO(ivanpi): vdl.SortValuesAsString() used for predictable output ordering.
 		// Use a more sensible sort for numbers etc.
 		keys := vdl.SortValuesAsString(val.Keys())
 		return toOrderedMap(len(keys), func(i int) (string, interface{}) {
 			return toString(keys[i], false), true
 		})
 	case vdl.Map:
 		// TODO(ivanpi): vdl.SortValuesAsString() used for predictable output ordering.
 		// Use a more sensible sort for numbers etc.
 		keys := vdl.SortValuesAsString(val.Keys())
 		return toOrderedMap(len(keys), func(i int) (string, interface{}) {
 			return toString(keys[i], false), toJsonFriendly(val.MapIndex(keys[i]))
 		})
 	case vdl.TypeObject:
 		return val.String()
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown Kind %s", val.Kind()))
 	}
 }

 // Serializes to JSON object, preserving key order.
 // Native Go map will serialize to JSON object with sorted keys, which is
 // unexpected behaviour for a struct.
 type orderedMap []orderedMapElem

 type orderedMapElem struct {
 	Key string
 	Val interface{}
 }

 var _ json.Marshaler = (*orderedMap)(nil)

 // Builds an orderedMap with n elements, obtaining the key and value of element
 // i using elemToKeyVal(i).
 func toOrderedMap(n int, elemToKeyVal func(i int) (string, interface{})) orderedMap {
 	om := make(orderedMap, n)
 	for i, _ := range om {
 		om[i].Key, om[i].Val = elemToKeyVal(i)
 	}
 	return om
 }

 // Serializes orderedMap to JSON object, preserving key order.
 func (om orderedMap) MarshalJSON() (_ []byte, rerr error) {
 	defer func() {
 		if r := recover(); r != nil {
 			rerr = fmt.Errorf("orderedMap: %v", r)
 		}
 	}()
 	return []byte(listToString("{", ",", "}", len(om), func(i int) string {
 		keyJson, err := json.Marshal(om[i].Key)
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}
 		valJson, err := json.Marshal(om[i].Val)
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", keyJson, valJson)
 	})), nil
 }
	// Copyright 2015 The Vanadium Authors. All rights reserved.
	// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
	// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

	package writer

	import (
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"unicode/utf8"

	"v.io/v23/syncbase"
	"v.io/v23/vdl"
	vtime "v.io/v23/vdlroot/time"
	)

	type Justification int

	const (
	Unknown Justification = iota
	Left
	Right
	)

	type FormattingWriter interface {
	Write(columnNames []string, rs syncbase.ResultStream) error
	}

	type tableWriter struct {
	w io.Writer
	}

	func NewTableWriter(w io.Writer) FormattingWriter {
	return &tableWriter{w}
	}

	// Write formats the results as ASCII tables.
	func (t *tableWriter) Write(columnNames []string, rs syncbase.ResultStream) error {
	// Buffer the results so we can compute the column widths.
	columnWidths := make([]int, len(columnNames))
	for i, cName := range columnNames {
	columnWidths[i] = utf8.RuneCountInString(cName)
	}
	justification := make([]Justification, len(columnNames))
	var results [][]string
	for rs.Advance() {
	row := make([]string, len(columnNames))
	columnCount := rs.ResultCount()
	for i := 0; i != columnCount; i++ {
	var column *vdl.Value
	if err := rs.Result(i, &column); err != nil {
	return err
	}
	if i >= len(columnNames) {
	return errors.New("more columns in result than in columnNames")
	}
	if justification[i] == Unknown {
	justification[i] = getJustification(column)
	}
	columnStr := toString(column, false)
	row[i] = columnStr
	columnLen := utf8.RuneCountInString(columnStr)
	if columnLen > columnWidths[i] {
	columnWidths[i] = columnLen
	}
	}
	results = append(results, row)
	}
	if rs.Err() != nil {
	return rs.Err()
	}

	writeBorder(t.w, columnWidths)
	sep := "\| "
	for i, cName := range columnNames {
	io.WriteString(t.w, fmt.Sprintf("%s%*s", sep, columnWidths[i], cName))
	sep = " \| "
	}
	io.WriteString(t.w, " \|\n")
	writeBorder(t.w, columnWidths)
	for _, result := range results {
	sep = "\| "
	for i, column := range result {
	if justification[i] == Right {
	io.WriteString(t.w, fmt.Sprintf("%s%*s", sep, columnWidths[i], column))
	} else {
	io.WriteString(t.w, fmt.Sprintf("%s%-*s", sep, columnWidths[i], column))
	}
	sep = " \| "
	}
	io.WriteString(t.w, " \|\n")
	}
	writeBorder(t.w, columnWidths)
	return nil
	}

	func writeBorder(out io.Writer, columnWidths []int) {
	sep := "+-"
	for _, width := range columnWidths {
	io.WriteString(out, fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", sep, strings.Repeat("-", width)))
	sep = "-+-"
	}
	io.WriteString(out, "-+\n")
	}

	func getJustification(val *vdl.Value) Justification {
	switch val.Kind() {
	// TODO(kash): Floating point numbers should have the decimal point line up.
	case vdl.Bool, vdl.Byte, vdl.Uint16, vdl.Uint32, vdl.Uint64, vdl.Int8,
	vdl.Int16, vdl.Int32, vdl.Int64, vdl.Float32, vdl.Float64:
	return Right
	// TODO(kash): Leave nil values as unknown.
	default:
	return Left
	}
	}

	type csvWriter struct {
	w io.Writer
	delimiter string
	}

	func NewCSVWriter(w io.Writer, delimiter string) FormattingWriter {
	return &csvWriter{w, delimiter}
	}

	// Write formats the results as CSV as specified by https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4180.
	func (c *csvWriter) Write(columnNames []string, rs syncbase.ResultStream) error {
	delim := ""
	for _, cName := range columnNames {
	str := doubleQuoteForCSV(cName, c.delimiter)
	io.WriteString(c.w, fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", delim, str))
	delim = c.delimiter
	}
	io.WriteString(c.w, "\n")
	for rs.Advance() {
	delim := ""
	for i, n := 0, rs.ResultCount(); i != n; i++ {
	var column *vdl.Value
	if err := rs.Result(i, &column); err != nil {
	return err
	}
	str := doubleQuoteForCSV(toString(column, false), c.delimiter)
	io.WriteString(c.w, fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", delim, str))
	delim = c.delimiter
	}
	io.WriteString(c.w, "\n")
	}
	return rs.Err()
	}

	// doubleQuoteForCSV follows the escaping rules from
	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4180. In particular, values containing
	// newlines, double quotes, and the delimiter must be enclosed in double
	// quotes.
	func doubleQuoteForCSV(str, delimiter string) string {
	doubleQuote := strings.Index(str, delimiter) != -1 \|\| strings.Index(str, "\n") != -1
	if strings.Index(str, "\"") != -1 {
	str = strings.Replace(str, "\"", "\"\"", -1)
	doubleQuote = true
	}
	if doubleQuote {
	str = "\"" + str + "\""
	}
	return str
	}

	type jsonWriter struct {
	w io.Writer
	}

	func NewJSONWriter(w io.Writer) FormattingWriter {
	return &jsonWriter{w}
	}

	// Write formats the result as a JSON array of arrays (rows) of values.
	func (j *jsonWriter) Write(columnNames []string, rs syncbase.ResultStream) error {
	io.WriteString(j.w, "[")
	jsonColNames := make([][]byte, len(columnNames))
	for i, cName := range columnNames {
	jsonCName, err := json.Marshal(cName)
	if err != nil {
	panic(fmt.Sprintf("JSON marshalling failed for column name: %v", err))
	}
	jsonColNames[i] = jsonCName
	}
	bOpen := "{"
	for rs.Advance() {
	io.WriteString(j.w, bOpen)
	linestart := "\n "
	for i, n := 0, rs.ResultCount(); i != n; i++ {
	var column *vdl.Value
	if err := rs.Result(i, &column); err != nil {
	return err
	}
	str := toJson(column)
	io.WriteString(j.w, fmt.Sprintf("%s%s: %s", linestart, jsonColNames[i], str))
	linestart = ",\n "
	}
	io.WriteString(j.w, "\n}")
	bOpen = ", {"
	}
	io.WriteString(j.w, "]\n")
	return rs.Err()
	}

	// Converts VDL value to readable yet parseable string representation.
	// If nested is not set, strings outside composites are left unquoted.
	// TODO(ivanpi): Handle cycles and improve non-tree DAG handling.
	func toString(val *vdl.Value, nested bool) string {
	switch val.Type() {
	case vdl.TypeOf(vtime.Time{}), vdl.TypeOf(vtime.Duration{}):
	s, err := toStringNative(val)
	if err != nil {
	panic(fmt.Sprintf("toStringNative failed for builtin time type: %v", err))
	}
	if nested {
	s = strconv.Quote(s)
	}
	return s
	default:
	// fall through to Kind switch
	}
	switch val.Kind() {
	case vdl.Bool:
	return fmt.Sprint(val.Bool())
	case vdl.Byte, vdl.Uint16, vdl.Uint32, vdl.Uint64:
	return fmt.Sprint(val.Uint())
	case vdl.Int8, vdl.Int16, vdl.Int32, vdl.Int64:
	return fmt.Sprint(val.Int())
	case vdl.Float32, vdl.Float64:
	return fmt.Sprint(val.Float())
	case vdl.String:
	s := val.RawString()
	if nested {
	s = strconv.Quote(s)
	}
	return s
	case vdl.Enum:
	return val.EnumLabel()
	case vdl.Array, vdl.List:
	return listToString("[", ", ", "]", val.Len(), func(i int) string {
	return toString(val.Index(i), true)
	})
	case vdl.Any, vdl.Optional:
	if val.IsNil() {
	if nested {
	return "nil"
	}
	// TODO(ivanpi): Blank is better for CSV, but <nil> might be better for table and TSV.
	return ""
	}
	return toString(val.Elem(), nested)
	case vdl.Struct:
	return listToString("{", ", ", "}", val.Type().NumField(), func(i int) string {
	field := toString(val.StructField(i), true)
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", val.Type().Field(i).Name, field)
	})
	case vdl.Union:
	ui, uv := val.UnionField()
	field := toString(uv, true)
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", val.Type().Field(ui).Name, field)
	case vdl.Set:
	// TODO(ivanpi): vdl.SortValuesAsString() used for predictable output ordering.
	// Use a more sensible sort for numbers etc.
	keys := vdl.SortValuesAsString(val.Keys())
	return listToString("{", ", ", "}", len(keys), func(i int) string {
	return toString(keys[i], true)
	})
	case vdl.Map:
	// TODO(ivanpi): vdl.SortValuesAsString() used for predictable output ordering.
	// Use a more sensible sort for numbers etc.
	keys := vdl.SortValuesAsString(val.Keys())
	return listToString("{", ", ", "}", len(keys), func(i int) string {
	k := toString(keys[i], true)
	v := toString(val.MapIndex(keys[i]), true)
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", k, v)
	})
	case vdl.TypeObject:
	return val.String()
	default:
	panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown Kind %s", val.Kind()))
	}
	}

	// Converts a VDL value to string using the corresponding native type String()
	// method.
	func toStringNative(val *vdl.Value) (string, error) {
	var natVal interface{}
	if err := vdl.Convert(&natVal, val); err != nil {
	return "", fmt.Errorf("failed converting %s to native value: %v", val.Type().String(), err)
	}
	if _, ok := natVal.(*vdl.Value); ok {
	return "", fmt.Errorf("failed converting %s to native value: got vdl.Value", val.Type().String())
	}
	if strNatVal, ok := natVal.(fmt.Stringer); !ok {
	return "", fmt.Errorf("native value of %s doesn't implement String()", val.Type().String())
	} else {
	return strNatVal.String(), nil
	}
	}

	// Stringifies a sequence of n elements, where element i string representation
	// is obtained using elemToString(i),
	func listToString(begin, sep, end string, n int, elemToString func(i int) string) string {
	elems := make([]string, n)
	for i, _ := range elems {
	elems[i] = elemToString(i)
	}
	return begin + strings.Join(elems, sep) + end
	}

	// Converts VDL value to JSON representation.
	func toJson(val *vdl.Value) string {
	jf := toJsonFriendly(val)
	jOut, err := json.Marshal(jf)
	if err != nil {
	panic(fmt.Sprintf("JSON marshalling failed: %v", err))
	}
	return string(jOut)
	}

	// Converts VDL value to Go type compatible with json.Marshal().
	func toJsonFriendly(val *vdl.Value) interface{} {
	switch val.Type() {
	case vdl.TypeOf(vtime.Time{}), vdl.TypeOf(vtime.Duration{}):
	s, err := toStringNative(val)
	if err != nil {
	panic(fmt.Sprintf("toStringNative failed for builtin time type: %v", err))
	}
	return s
	default:
	// fall through to Kind switch
	}
	switch val.Kind() {
	case vdl.Bool:
	return val.Bool()
	case vdl.Byte, vdl.Uint16, vdl.Uint32, vdl.Uint64:
	return val.Uint()
	case vdl.Int8, vdl.Int16, vdl.Int32, vdl.Int64:
	return val.Int()
	case vdl.Float32, vdl.Float64:
	return val.Float()
	case vdl.String:
	return val.RawString()
	case vdl.Enum:
	return val.EnumLabel()
	case vdl.Array, vdl.List:
	arr := make([]interface{}, val.Len())
	for i, _ := range arr {
	arr[i] = toJsonFriendly(val.Index(i))
	}
	return arr
	case vdl.Any, vdl.Optional:
	if val.IsNil() {
	return nil
	}
	return toJsonFriendly(val.Elem())
	case vdl.Struct:
	// TODO(ivanpi): Consider lowercasing field names.
	return toOrderedMap(val.Type().NumField(), func(i int) (string, interface{}) {
	return val.Type().Field(i).Name, toJsonFriendly(val.StructField(i))
	})
	case vdl.Union:
	// TODO(ivanpi): Consider lowercasing field name.
	ui, uv := val.UnionField()
	return toOrderedMap(1, func(_ int) (string, interface{}) {
	return val.Type().Field(ui).Name, toJsonFriendly(uv)
	})
	case vdl.Set:
	// TODO(ivanpi): vdl.SortValuesAsString() used for predictable output ordering.
	// Use a more sensible sort for numbers etc.
	keys := vdl.SortValuesAsString(val.Keys())
	return toOrderedMap(len(keys), func(i int) (string, interface{}) {
	return toString(keys[i], false), true
	})
	case vdl.Map:
	// TODO(ivanpi): vdl.SortValuesAsString() used for predictable output ordering.
	// Use a more sensible sort for numbers etc.
	keys := vdl.SortValuesAsString(val.Keys())
	return toOrderedMap(len(keys), func(i int) (string, interface{}) {
	return toString(keys[i], false), toJsonFriendly(val.MapIndex(keys[i]))
	})
	case vdl.TypeObject:
	return val.String()
	default:
	panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown Kind %s", val.Kind()))
	}
	}

	// Serializes to JSON object, preserving key order.
	// Native Go map will serialize to JSON object with sorted keys, which is
	// unexpected behaviour for a struct.
	type orderedMap []orderedMapElem

	type orderedMapElem struct {
	Key string
	Val interface{}
	}

	var _ json.Marshaler = (*orderedMap)(nil)

	// Builds an orderedMap with n elements, obtaining the key and value of element
	// i using elemToKeyVal(i).
	func toOrderedMap(n int, elemToKeyVal func(i int) (string, interface{})) orderedMap {
	om := make(orderedMap, n)
	for i, _ := range om {
	om[i].Key, om[i].Val = elemToKeyVal(i)
	}
	return om
	}

	// Serializes orderedMap to JSON object, preserving key order.
	func (om orderedMap) MarshalJSON() (_ []byte, rerr error) {
	defer func() {
	if r := recover(); r != nil {
	rerr = fmt.Errorf("orderedMap: %v", r)
	}
	}()
	return []byte(listToString("{", ",", "}", len(om), func(i int) string {
	keyJson, err := json.Marshal(om[i].Key)
	if err != nil {
	panic(err)
	}
	valJson, err := json.Marshal(om[i].Val)
	if err != nil {
	panic(err)
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", keyJson, valJson)
	})), nil
	}