lib/cmdline/cmdline.go

// Package cmdline provides a data-driven framework to simplify writing
// command-line programs.  It includes built-in support for formatted help.
//
// Commands may be linked together to form a command tree.  Since commands may
// be arbitrarily nested within other commands, it's easy to create wrapper
// programs that invoke existing commands.
//
// The syntax for each command-line program is:
//
//   command [flags] [subcommand [flags]]* [args]
//
// Each sequence of flags on the command-line is associated with the command
// that immediately precedes them.  Global flags registered with the standard
// flags package are allowed anywhere a command-specific flag is allowed.
package cmdline

import (
	"errors"
	"flag"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"os"
	"strings"
)

// ErrUsage is returned to indicate an error in command usage; e.g. unknown
// flags, subcommands or args.
var ErrUsage = errors.New("usage error")

// Command represents a single command in a command-line program.  A program
// with subcommands is represented as a root Command with children representing
// each subcommand.  The command graph must be a tree; each command may either
// have exactly one parent (a sub-command), or no parent (the root), and cycles
// are not allowed.  This makes it easier to display the usage for subcommands.
type Command struct {
	Name     string       // Name of the command.
	Short    string       // Short description, shown in help called on parent.
	Long     string       // Long description, shown in help called on itself.
	Flags    flag.FlagSet // Flags for the command.
	ArgsName string       // Name of the args, shown in usage line.
	ArgsLong string       // Long description of the args, shown in help.

	// Children of the command.  The framework will match args[0] against each
	// child's name, and call Run on the first matching child.
	Children []*Command

	// Run is a function that runs cmd with args.  If both Children and Run are
	// specified, Run will only be called if none of the children match.  It is an
	// error if neither is specified.
	Run func(cmd *Command, args []string) error

	// parent holds the parent of this Command, or nil if this is the root.
	parent *Command

	// Stdout and stderr are set through Init.
	stdout, stderr io.Writer

	// parseFlags holds the merged flags used for parsing.  Each command starts
	// with its own Flags, and we merge in all global flags.  If the same flag is
	// specified in both sets, the command's own flag wins.
	parseFlags *flag.FlagSet

	// TODO(toddw): If necessary we can add alias support, e.g. for abbreviations.
	//   Alias map[string]string
}

// style describes the formatting style for usage descriptions.
type style int

const (
	styleText  style = iota // Default style, good for cmdline output.
	styleGoDoc              // Style good for godoc processing.
)

// String returns the human-readable representation of the style.
func (s *style) String() string {
	switch *s {
	case styleText:
		return "text"
	case styleGoDoc:
		return "godoc"
	default:
		panic(fmt.Errorf("Unhandled style %d", *s))
	}
}

// Set implements the flag.Value interface method.
func (s *style) Set(value string) error {
	switch value {
	case "text":
		*s = styleText
	case "godoc":
		*s = styleGoDoc
	default:
		return fmt.Errorf("Unknown style %q", value)
	}
	return nil
}

// Stdout is where output goes.  Typically os.Stdout.
func (cmd *Command) Stdout() io.Writer {
	return cmd.stdout
}

// Stderr is where error messages go.  Typically os.Stderr
func (cmd *Command) Stderr() io.Writer {
	return cmd.stderr
}

// Errorf should be called to signal an invalid usage of the command.
func (cmd *Command) Errorf(format string, v ...interface{}) error {
	fmt.Fprint(cmd.stderr, "ERROR: ")
	fmt.Fprintf(cmd.stderr, format, v...)
	fmt.Fprint(cmd.stderr, "\n\n")
	cmd.usage(cmd.stderr, styleText, true)
	return ErrUsage
}

// usage prints the usage of cmd to the writer, with the given style.  The
// firstCall boolean is set to false when printing usage for multiple commands,
// and is used to avoid printing redundant information (e.g. section headers,
// global flags).
func (cmd *Command) usage(w io.Writer, style style, firstCall bool) {
	var names []string
	for c := cmd; c != nil; c = c.parent {
		names = append([]string{c.Name}, names...)
	}
	namestr := strings.Join(names, " ")
	if !firstCall && style == styleGoDoc {
		// Title-case names so that godoc recognizes it as a section header.
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\n\n", strings.Title(namestr))
	}
	// Long description.
	fmt.Fprint(w, strings.Trim(cmd.Long, "\n"))
	fmt.Fprintln(w)
	// Usage line.
	hasFlags := false
	cmd.Flags.VisitAll(func(*flag.Flag) {
		hasFlags = true
	})
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "\nUsage:\n")
	nameflags := "   " + namestr
	if hasFlags {
		nameflags += " [flags]"
	}
	if len(cmd.Children) > 0 {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s <command>\n", nameflags)
	}
	if cmd.Run != nil {
		if cmd.ArgsName != "" {
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s %s\n", nameflags, cmd.ArgsName)
		} else {
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\n", nameflags)
		}
	}
	if len(cmd.Children) == 0 && cmd.Run == nil {
		// This is a specification error.
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s [ERROR: neither Children nor Run is specified]\n", nameflags)
	}
	// Commands.
	if len(cmd.Children) > 0 {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "\nThe %s commands are:\n", cmd.Name)
		for _, child := range cmd.Children {
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "   %-11s %s\n", child.Name, child.Short)
		}
	}
	// Args.
	if cmd.Run != nil && cmd.ArgsLong != "" {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n")
		fmt.Fprint(w, strings.Trim(cmd.ArgsLong, "\n"))
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n")
	}
	// Flags.
	if hasFlags {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "\nThe %s flags are:\n", cmd.Name)
		cmd.Flags.VisitAll(func(f *flag.Flag) {
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "   -%s=%s: %s\n", f.Name, f.DefValue, f.Usage)
		})
	}
	// Global flags.
	hasGlobalFlags := false
	flag.VisitAll(func(*flag.Flag) {
		hasGlobalFlags = true
	})
	if firstCall && hasGlobalFlags {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "\nThe global flags are:\n")
		flag.VisitAll(func(f *flag.Flag) {
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "   -%s=%s: %s\n", f.Name, f.DefValue, f.Usage)
		})
	}
}

// newDefaultHelp creates a new default help command.  We need to create new
// instances since the parent for each help command is different.
func newDefaultHelp() *Command {
	helpStyle := styleText
	help := &Command{
		Name:  helpName,
		Short: "Display help for commands",
		Long: `
Help displays usage descriptions for this command, or usage descriptions for
sub-commands.
`,
		ArgsName: "<command>",
		ArgsLong: `
<command> is an optional sequence of commands to display detailed per-command
usage.  The special-case "help ..." recursively displays help for this command
and all sub-commands.
`,
		Run: func(cmd *Command, args []string) error {
			// Help applies to its parent - e.g. "foo help" applies to the foo command.
			return runHelp(cmd.parent, args, helpStyle)
		},
	}
	help.Flags.Var(&helpStyle, "style", `The formatting style for help output, either "text" or "godoc".`)
	return help
}

const helpName = "help"

// runHelp runs the "help" command.
func runHelp(cmd *Command, args []string, style style) error {
	if len(args) == 0 {
		cmd.usage(cmd.stdout, style, true)
		return nil
	}
	if args[0] == "..." {
		recursiveHelp(cmd, style, true)
		return nil
	}
	// Find the subcommand to display help.
	subName := args[0]
	subArgs := args[1:]
	for _, child := range cmd.Children {
		if child.Name == subName {
			return runHelp(child, subArgs, style)
		}
	}
	return cmd.Errorf("%s: unknown command %q", cmd.Name, subName)
}

// recursiveHelp prints help recursively via DFS from this cmd onward.
func recursiveHelp(cmd *Command, style style, firstCall bool) {
	cmd.usage(cmd.stdout, style, firstCall)
	switch style {
	case styleText:
		fmt.Fprintln(cmd.stdout, strings.Repeat("=", 80))
	case styleGoDoc:
		fmt.Fprintln(cmd.stdout)
	}
	for _, child := range cmd.Children {
		recursiveHelp(child, style, false)
	}
}

// prefixErrorWriter simply wraps a regular io.Writer and adds an "ERROR: "
// prefix if Write is ever called.  It's used to ensure errors are clearly
// marked when flag.FlagSet.Parse encounters errors.
type prefixErrorWriter struct {
	writer        io.Writer
	prefixWritten bool
}

func (p *prefixErrorWriter) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
	if !p.prefixWritten {
		io.WriteString(p.writer, "ERROR: ")
		p.prefixWritten = true
	}
	return p.writer.Write(b)
}

// Init initializes all nodes in the command tree rooted at cmd.  Init must be
// called before Execute.
func (cmd *Command) Init(parent *Command, stdout, stderr io.Writer) {
	cmd.parent = parent
	cmd.stdout = stdout
	cmd.stderr = stderr
	// Add help command, if it doesn't already exist.
	hasHelp := false
	for _, child := range cmd.Children {
		if child.Name == helpName {
			hasHelp = true
			break
		}
	}
	if !hasHelp && cmd.Name != helpName && len(cmd.Children) > 0 {
		cmd.Children = append(cmd.Children, newDefaultHelp())
	}
	// Merge command-specific and global flags into parseFlags.
	cmd.parseFlags = flag.NewFlagSet(cmd.Name, flag.ContinueOnError)
	cmd.parseFlags.SetOutput(&prefixErrorWriter{writer: stderr})
	cmd.parseFlags.Usage = func() {
		cmd.usage(stderr, styleText, true)
	}
	flagMerger := func(f *flag.Flag) {
		if cmd.parseFlags.Lookup(f.Name) == nil {
			cmd.parseFlags.Var(f.Value, f.Name, f.Usage)
		}
	}
	cmd.Flags.VisitAll(flagMerger)
	flag.VisitAll(flagMerger)
	// Call children recursively.
	for _, child := range cmd.Children {
		child.Init(cmd, stdout, stderr)
	}
}

// Execute the command with the given args.  The returned error is ErrUsage if
// there are usage errors, otherwise it is whatever the leaf command returns
// from its Run function.
func (cmd *Command) Execute(args []string) error {
	// Parse the merged flags.
	if err := cmd.parseFlags.Parse(args); err != nil {
		return ErrUsage
	}
	args = cmd.parseFlags.Args()
	// Look for matching children.
	if len(args) > 0 {
		subName := args[0]
		subArgs := args[1:]
		for _, child := range cmd.Children {
			if child.Name == subName {
				return child.Execute(subArgs)
			}
		}
	}
	// No matching children, try Run.
	if cmd.Run != nil {
		if cmd.ArgsName == "" && len(args) > 0 {
			if len(cmd.Children) > 0 {
				return cmd.Errorf("%s: unknown command %q", cmd.Name, args[0])
			} else {
				return cmd.Errorf("%s doesn't take any arguments", cmd.Name)
			}
		}
		return cmd.Run(cmd, args)
	}
	switch {
	case len(cmd.Children) == 0:
		return cmd.Errorf("%s: neither Children nor Run is specified", cmd.Name)
	case len(args) > 0:
		return cmd.Errorf("%s: unknown command %q", cmd.Name, args[0])
	default:
		return cmd.Errorf("%s: no command specified", cmd.Name)
	}
}

// Main executes the command tree rooted at cmd, writing output to os.Stdout,
// writing errors to os.Stderr, and getting args from os.Args.  We'll call
// os.Exit with a non-zero exit code on errors.  It's meant as a simple
// one-liner for the main function of command-line tools.
func (cmd *Command) Main() {
	cmd.Init(nil, os.Stdout, os.Stderr)
	if err := cmd.Execute(os.Args[1:]); err != nil {
		if err == ErrUsage {
			os.Exit(1)
		} else {
			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "ERROR: %v\n", err)
			os.Exit(2)
		}
	}
}